Journal: Parasites & vectors

Article Title: Metabolomics analysis reveals changes related to pseudocyst formation induced by iron depletion in Trichomonas vaginalis.

doi: 10.1186/s13071-023-05842-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 3 Oligosaccharide metabolism in Trichomonas vaginalis cultured under different iron concentrations. The levels of oligosaccharides detected in this analysis are shown in bar charts. Significantly regulated compounds are shown in red (P < 0.05). The corresponding enzymes are listed by the arrows, and relative RNA expression levels (ID/IR) are indicated. Genes upregulated in ID cells are shown in red, while genes downregulated in ID cells are shown in green [5]. The gray compounds represented not being detectable in this analysis. Galactinol synthase is lacking in T. vaginalis

Article Snippet: Trichomonas vaginalis (ATCC_30236) was cultured in YIS medium containing iron (ferric ammonia citrate, 180 μM) or the iron chelator dipyridyl (180 μM) as the iron-rich (IR) and iron-deficient (ID) groups, respectively [23].

Techniques: Cell Culture, RNA Expression

Journal: Parasites & vectors

Article Title: Metabolomics analysis reveals changes related to pseudocyst formation induced by iron depletion in Trichomonas vaginalis.

doi: 10.1186/s13071-023-05842-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 5 Amino acid composition in T. vaginalis cultured in different iron concentrations. Amino acids detected in IR (closed bars) and ID (open bars) are shown (a). Significance is indicated by asterisks: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. b–d Reactions of alanine dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and threonine dehydratase are shown. Relative RNA expression levels (ID/IR) of genes are indicated in red (upregulated in ID) and green (downregulated in ID) colors [5]. IR, iron-rich; ID, iron-deficient

Article Snippet: Trichomonas vaginalis (ATCC_30236) was cultured in YIS medium containing iron (ferric ammonia citrate, 180 μM) or the iron chelator dipyridyl (180 μM) as the iron-rich (IR) and iron-deficient (ID) groups, respectively [23].

Techniques: Cell Culture, RNA Expression

Journal: Parasites & vectors

Article Title: Metabolomics analysis reveals changes related to pseudocyst formation induced by iron depletion in Trichomonas vaginalis.

doi: 10.1186/s13071-023-05842-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 6 Alternations in dipeptide amounts in T. vaginalis cultured in different iron concentrations. The relative levels of identified dipeptides are listed in this chart. A total of 170 dipeptides were identified in this work. Dipeptides without significant differences are labeled with ◎. Dipeptides accumulated in IR cells are labeled with black-filled square, while dipeptides accumulated in ID cells are labeled with black-filled circle (P < 0.05)

Article Snippet: Trichomonas vaginalis (ATCC_30236) was cultured in YIS medium containing iron (ferric ammonia citrate, 180 μM) or the iron chelator dipyridyl (180 μM) as the iron-rich (IR) and iron-deficient (ID) groups, respectively [23].

Techniques: Cell Culture, Labeling

Journal: Parasites & vectors

Article Title: Metabolomics analysis reveals changes related to pseudocyst formation induced by iron depletion in Trichomonas vaginalis.

doi: 10.1186/s13071-023-05842-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 7 The proposed model of metabolic changes in T. vaginalis under iron-limited environments. Once trichomonad cells encountered iron-deficient conditions, most of the cells transformed into pseudocysts. The carbon source of the more active glycolysis was derived from glycogen hydrolysis because of the accumulation of ɑ-1,4-linked, glucose-composed oligosaccharides. The accumulation of cellobiose was a possible hint for cellulose biosynthesis, which is the crucial conformational component of pseudocysts. C18 fatty acids reduction implied incorporation into phospholipids for pseudocyst formation. Capric acid accumulation might be involved in the regulation of glycolysis or as a signaling molecule in response to iron-limited environments. Amino acid reduction likely resulted from dipeptide accumulation or incomplete proteolysis. In addition, the significant reductions in alanine, glutamate, and serine were all involved in the release of ammonia, which was likely a key resource for nitric oxide synthesis in T. vaginalis. Compounds labeled in red and green colors represent accumulation and reduction in ID cells, respectively. Gray-colored metabolites were the speculated metabolites associated with the detected compounds. The putative molecular function or pathways were labeled in blue color

Article Snippet: Trichomonas vaginalis (ATCC_30236) was cultured in YIS medium containing iron (ferric ammonia citrate, 180 μM) or the iron chelator dipyridyl (180 μM) as the iron-rich (IR) and iron-deficient (ID) groups, respectively [23].

Techniques: Transformation Assay, Derivative Assay, Labeling

Journal: Pharmaceutics

Article Title: Locust Bean Gum Nano-Based Hydrogel for Vaginal Delivery of Diphenyl Diselenide in the Treatment of Trichomoniasis: Formulation Characterization and In Vitro Biological Evaluation.

doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102112

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 1. In vitro evaluation of anti-T. vaginalis activity against ATCC 30236 isolate (A) and DPPH scavenger assay of the formulations (B). Data are presented as mean and standard deviation. Statis- tical evaluations were performed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey. (***) p < 0.001 denotes statistical difference between control and treatment; @ denotes statistical difference between (PhSe)2 and NC (PhSe)2; (@@) p < 0.01 and (@@@) p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: The 30236 T. vaginalis isolate (JH 31A #4 from ATCC, Baltimore, MD, USA) was used.

Techniques: In Vitro, Activity Assay, Standard Deviation, Control

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Dissecting the Transcriptomes of Multiple Metronidazole-Resistant and Sensitive Trichomonas vaginalis Strains Identified Distinct Genes and Pathways Associated with Drug Resistance and Cell Death

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9121817

Figure Lengend Snippet: Validation of MTZ susceptibility of six MTZ-S and MTZ-R T. vaginalis isolates. The effect of MTZ on the growth of three MTZ-S ( A ) (Tv-30001, Tv-30236, and Tv50148) and three MTZ-R ( B ) (Tv-50142, Tv-50143, and Tv-30238) isolates was monitored. The initial concentration of MTZ-S and MTZ-R strains was 2 × 10 5 cells/mL. MTZ-S and MTZ-R trophozoites were treated with different concentrations of MTZ (5, 10, or 20 μM) compared with the SDW-treated control. The cell density was monitored by the trypan blue exclusion assay. The growth curves were presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments.

Article Snippet: The T. vaginalis MTZ-S strains (ATCC 30001, ATCC 30236, and ATCC50148) and MTZ-R strains (ATCC 50142, ATCC 50143, and ATCC 30238) were maintained in YIS medium, pH 5.8, containing 10% heat-inactivated horse serum and 1% glucose at 37 °C.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Concentration Assay, Control, Trypan Blue Exclusion Assay

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Dissecting the Transcriptomes of Multiple Metronidazole-Resistant and Sensitive Trichomonas vaginalis Strains Identified Distinct Genes and Pathways Associated with Drug Resistance and Cell Death

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9121817

Figure Lengend Snippet: A global view of DEGs in the MTZ-R and MTZ-S transcriptomes treated with or without MTZ. ( A ) The reads generated from the RNA-seq data of six T. vaginalis isolates in the presence or absence of MTZ were mapped to the T. vaginalis reference genome, and the percentage of mapped reads was shown. ( B ) PCA of six isolates in the presence (MTZ+) or absence (MTZ-) of MTZ treatment. Biological triplicates of each sample were presented as different colors. Volcano plots showed the significantly differential gene expression (FDR < 0.05, log2 |fold change| = 1) in the MTZ-R transcriptomes compared with those of MTZ-S in the absence of MTZ (MTZ-R/MTZ-S) ( C ) or upon MTZ treatment (MTZ-R_MTZ/MTZ-S_MTZ) ( D ). ( E ) DEGs in the MTZ-S transcriptomes treated with MTZ was compared with those of MTZ-S (MTZ-S_MTZ/MTZ-S). The green and red dots represent the downregulated or upregulated genes in each group, respectively.

Article Snippet: The T. vaginalis MTZ-S strains (ATCC 30001, ATCC 30236, and ATCC50148) and MTZ-R strains (ATCC 50142, ATCC 50143, and ATCC 30238) were maintained in YIS medium, pH 5.8, containing 10% heat-inactivated horse serum and 1% glucose at 37 °C.

Techniques: Generated, RNA Sequencing, Gene Expression

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Dissecting the Transcriptomes of Multiple Metronidazole-Resistant and Sensitive Trichomonas vaginalis Strains Identified Distinct Genes and Pathways Associated with Drug Resistance and Cell Death

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9121817

Figure Lengend Snippet: Differential expression of the hydrogenosomal genes in the MTZ-R T. vaginalis transcriptomes treated with or without MTZ. ( A ) Differential gene expression of PFOR, Fd, and STK at the isoform levels between the MTZ-R and MTZ-S transcriptomes treated with (MTZ-R_MTZ/MTZ-S_MTZ; II) or without MTZ (MTZ-R/MTZ-S; I) were presented as log2 fold change. Genes shown in red and green color indicate upregulation and downregulation, respectively. Gene expression levels of different ( B ) PFOR, ( C ) Fd, and ( D ) STK isoforms in the MTZ-R and MTZ-S transcriptomes treated with or without MTZ were presented as mean ± SD of normalized counts values obtained from three independent RNA-seq experiments.

Article Snippet: The T. vaginalis MTZ-S strains (ATCC 30001, ATCC 30236, and ATCC50148) and MTZ-R strains (ATCC 50142, ATCC 50143, and ATCC 30238) were maintained in YIS medium, pH 5.8, containing 10% heat-inactivated horse serum and 1% glucose at 37 °C.

Techniques: Quantitative Proteomics, Gene Expression, RNA Sequencing

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Dissecting the Transcriptomes of Multiple Metronidazole-Resistant and Sensitive Trichomonas vaginalis Strains Identified Distinct Genes and Pathways Associated with Drug Resistance and Cell Death

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9121817

Figure Lengend Snippet: Identification of common DEGs in all MTZ-R T. vaginalis strains compared with the MTZ-S group treated with or without MTZ. Venn diagram showing the number of genes shared by three MTZ-R T. vaginalis strains (Tv_50142, Tv50143, and Tv30238) whose expression is upregulated ( A ) and downregulated ( B ) in comparison with three MTZ-S strains (Tv-30001, Tv-30236, and Tv50148). Upon MTZ treatment, the number of upregulated ( C ) and downregulated ( D ) genes among the identical MTZ-R strains in comparison with the MTZ-S strains were also analyzed. The gene expression patterns of DEGs in all MTZ-R strains compared with those of MTZ-S in the presence or absence of MTZ were analyzed by cluster analysis and shown as heatmaps. Genes shown in red and purple color indicate upregulation and downregulation, respectively. MA plots represent the expression levels (baseMean) and expression changes (log2 fold change in normalized counts values) in the corresponding DEGs.

Article Snippet: The T. vaginalis MTZ-S strains (ATCC 30001, ATCC 30236, and ATCC50148) and MTZ-R strains (ATCC 50142, ATCC 50143, and ATCC 30238) were maintained in YIS medium, pH 5.8, containing 10% heat-inactivated horse serum and 1% glucose at 37 °C.

Techniques: Expressing, Comparison, Gene Expression

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Dissecting the Transcriptomes of Multiple Metronidazole-Resistant and Sensitive Trichomonas vaginalis Strains Identified Distinct Genes and Pathways Associated with Drug Resistance and Cell Death

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9121817

Figure Lengend Snippet: Commonly upregulated and downregulated genes in the MTZ-R T. vaginalis transcriptomes treated with or without MTZ. The selected genes were observed to be upregulated ( A ) and downregulated ( B ) in the MTZ-R transcriptomes (50142, 50143, and 30238) compared with those of MTZ-S (30001, 30236, and 50148). Upon MTZ treatment, the selected upregulated ( C ) and downregulated ( D ) genes in the same MTZ-R strains in comparison with the MTZ-S strains were also analyzed. Gene expression levels were presented as mean ± SD of normalized count values obtained from three independent RNA-seq experiments.

Article Snippet: The T. vaginalis MTZ-S strains (ATCC 30001, ATCC 30236, and ATCC50148) and MTZ-R strains (ATCC 50142, ATCC 50143, and ATCC 30238) were maintained in YIS medium, pH 5.8, containing 10% heat-inactivated horse serum and 1% glucose at 37 °C.

Techniques: Comparison, Gene Expression, RNA Sequencing

Journal: Biomedicines

Article Title: Dissecting the Transcriptomes of Multiple Metronidazole-Resistant and Sensitive Trichomonas vaginalis Strains Identified Distinct Genes and Pathways Associated with Drug Resistance and Cell Death

doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9121817

Figure Lengend Snippet: Functional enrichment analysis of DEGs in MTZ-S transcriptomes treated with MTZ compared with those of the untreated MTZ-S group. ( A ) Venn diagram showing the number of DEGs shared by three MTZ-S T. vaginalis strains treated with MTZ (Tv-30001_MTZ, Tv-30236_MTZ, and Tv50148_MTZ), whose expressions are upregulated (2871 genes) and downregulated (2043 genes) in comparison with the untreated MTZ-S parasites. MA plots represent the expression levels (baseMean) and expression changes (log2 fold change in normalized counts values) in the corresponding DEGs. ( B ) GO enrichment analysis of DEGs shared by three MTZ-S strains treated with MTZ compared with the untreated MTZ-S parasites. A significant upregulation and downregulation was observed in GO categories that include biological process and molecular function. ( C ) KEGG enrichment analysis of the DEGs shared by three MTZ-S strains treated with MTZ compared with the untreated MTZ-S parasites. A significant upregulation and downregulation were observed based on KEGG pathways. Dot size represents the ratio of genes in each category, and color indicates the adjusted p -value.

Article Snippet: The T. vaginalis MTZ-S strains (ATCC 30001, ATCC 30236, and ATCC50148) and MTZ-R strains (ATCC 50142, ATCC 50143, and ATCC 30238) were maintained in YIS medium, pH 5.8, containing 10% heat-inactivated horse serum and 1% glucose at 37 °C.

Techniques: Functional Assay, Comparison, Expressing

Journal: Genes

Article Title: Identification of Endosymbiotic Virus in Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Trichomonas vaginalis

doi: 10.3390/genes13030531

Figure Lengend Snippet: Detection of Trichomonasvirus (TVV) subspecies in T. vaginalis isolates using RT-PCR. ( a – d ) showed the separation of RT-PCR products amplified by TVV1, TVV2, TVV3, and TVV4 subspecies-specific primers on 1.5% agarose gel. M indicates the marker (DNA ladder). Lanes labeled 1 to 6 represent T. vaginalis isolates ATCC 30236, ATCC 30238, T1, ATCC PRA-98, ATCC 50148, and ATCC 50143.

Article Snippet: The most prevalent viruses were TVV1 (isolates of ATCC 30236, T1, and ATCC 50148) and TVV3 (isolates of ATCC 30238, PRA-98, and 50148).

Techniques: Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction, Amplification, Agarose Gel Electrophoresis, Marker, Labeling

Journal: Genes

Article Title: Identification of Endosymbiotic Virus in Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Trichomonas vaginalis

doi: 10.3390/genes13030531

Figure Lengend Snippet: The presence or absence of the Trichomonas virus (TVV) subspecies in each proteome of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) by LC-MS/MS.

Article Snippet: The most prevalent viruses were TVV1 (isolates of ATCC 30236, T1, and ATCC 50148) and TVV3 (isolates of ATCC 30238, PRA-98, and 50148).

Techniques: Virus

Journal: Genes

Article Title: Identification of Endosymbiotic Virus in Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Trichomonas vaginalis

doi: 10.3390/genes13030531

Figure Lengend Snippet: Identification of TVV subspecies by RNA sequencing and NGS.

Article Snippet: The most prevalent viruses were TVV1 (isolates of ATCC 30236, T1, and ATCC 50148) and TVV3 (isolates of ATCC 30238, PRA-98, and 50148).

Techniques: RNA Sequencing

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Bioactive Compounds as Potential Agents for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Management: A Review to Explore Molecular Mechanisms of Action

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.674682

Figure Lengend Snippet: Etiological classification of the most common STDs.

Article Snippet: , Hypericum polyanthemum klotzsch ex reichardt/aqueous extracts , T. vaginalis 30,236 (ATCC) /in vitro , IC 50 = 250 μg/ml , Anti-Trichomonas activity , .

Techniques: Virus

Journal: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article Title: Bioactive Compounds as Potential Agents for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Management: A Review to Explore Molecular Mechanisms of Action

doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.674682

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pharmacological properties of selected plants/natural compounds against STDs pathogens.

Article Snippet: , Hypericum polyanthemum klotzsch ex reichardt/aqueous extracts , T. vaginalis 30,236 (ATCC) /in vitro , IC 50 = 250 μg/ml , Anti-Trichomonas activity , .

Techniques: Infection, In Vitro, Diffusion-based Assay, Activity Assay, Inhibition, Membrane, Concentration Assay